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Figure
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Training Stages
Training should be individualized to the athlete's particular event-specific needs. Training provides the time to consolidate individual strengths and rectify weaknesses. Athletes should have input in setting training goals and priorities if they are expected to "buy into" the training program. Every athlete's training is affected by five basic life factors that influences and may limit their ability to fullfill their full potential. These factors must be addressed in developing an Long Term Training Plan (LTTP):
Sports can be classified as early specialization (e.g. gymnastics) or late specialization (e.g. Track and Field, Team sports). Early specialization sports requires an extra phase to accommodate the younger age of the beginner when they start, while the late specialization model consists of five phases which is related to the athletes being older, and more physically developed when they start. This tends to extend the athletes competitive careers. Note: in some sports female athletes tend to peak earlier than their male counterparts. Early
Specialization Model
For the purpose of this discussion is to
focus
on how
skaters can plan their development in their pursuit of placing at a
USFS National
Championship. In figure skating, female skaters usually start to train
two or more years earlier than male skaters who tend to reach their
full potential, in their early 20s, several years later than the
ladies. Ice dancers and pair skaters require longer to reach physical
maturity to perform the required skills and develop their
artistic/presentation skills necessary to be successful in competition.
Beginning Athletes - Establishing a Training Schedule: Beginning athletes - all ages
4> and skill levels
NOTE: Young children have extremely limited attention spans. The use of games and fun activities must be stressed to keep them involved and to minimize frustrating situations. Focus
Points:
This phase is appropriate for boys aged 6 to 9 and girls aged 5 to 8. The main objective should be the overall development of the athlete's physical capacities and fundamental movement skills. The key points of this phase are:
Jumping and spinning is much easier if the skater is not overweight and/or unusually tall for their age. Some skaters experience difficulties at puberty when their body weight is redistributed and/or they experience rapid growth in height and gain weight. Training Stage 1 - Mastering Basic/Fundamental Motor Skills
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| Physical Potential of MITF Test Performance |
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| Basic
edges, turns, plus forward & backward crossover training |
Specific
individual skill training Pattern recognition; Lobe to lobe transitions |
Combine
individual basic skills into complete elements |
Consistent
bi-lateral element performance at or above minimum to pass |
Consistent
performance of all test elements with equal power and accuracy at or above minimum to pass |
Stamina
– completion of last element of test as strong as first element |
Relieving
performance anxieties. Develop a high level of confidence |
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Learning
new skills is
a process that proceeds in distinctive developmental phases that rarely
occur at a constant rate. Frequently, there are spurts consisting of a
break through event in which the athlete is able to perform a
recognizable performance of the lesson's focus. The goal of the instructor is to have the learner physically feel the proper body mechanics so they know if their practice sessions are being successful. Instructors must understand and be able to discuss with their students, the theory on which every physical task is based and serves as a platform to achieve more complex and advanced skills. More coaches are taking the extra time necessary to teach their skaters the basic skating principals and fundamental body control skaters previously acquired from practicing edges and turns on school figures. Specific milestones need to be incorporated into each individualized training plan's goals and objectives so the skater can focus their practices and measure their im-provement against these standards when the coach is not available to provide external feedback. Training Stage 2 - Advanced This phase is appropriate for boys aged 9 to 14 and girls aged 7 to 12. The main objective should be to learn all fundamental sports skills. The key points of this phase are: •
Further develop fundamental movement skills
• Learn general overall sports skills • Continue to develop strength with medicine ball, Swiss ball and own body-weight exercises as well as hopping-bounding exercises • Continue to develop endurance with games and relays • Introduce basic flexibility exercises • Continue to develop speed with specific activities during the warm-up, such as agility, quickness and change of direc-tion • Develop knowledge of warm up, cool down, stretching, hydration, nutrition, recovery, relaxation and focusing • Training programs are structured and based on a single periodization • Competition is structured and a 70:30 training/practice to competition ratio is recommended
Establishing a Training Schedule and Goals:
Specialization Phase
Focus
Points:
A skater's personality
influences how they relate to peers and adults
at the ice rink, school, family, church, and at a job. Some individuals
have a positive, out going personality with lots of energy, passion,
and unlimited determination/perseverance.
The direct opposite to the positive individual is the negative personality who sees their life as a series of incidents resulting from bad luck and being “picked on” by others. They do not accept responsibility for their poor decisions and this negative attitude colors all interactions with peers and adults at the ice rink, in school, with family, at church, and in job situations.
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| Physical Potential of Free Skating Test
Performance |
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| Basic
edges, turns, plus forward & backward crossover training |
Jumps
–1/2, full & multi rotation skill level training |
Spins
– training includes combining positions & change of feet |
Footwork,
and step sequences that transition & connect musical highlights |
Consistent
performance of all test elements at or above minimum to pass |
Develop
stamina to complete all program elements securely |
Relieving
performance anxieties. Develop a high level of confidence |
| Physical Potential of Pair Skating Test
Performance |
||||||
| Basic
edges, turns, plus forward & backward crossover training |
Jumps
–1/2, full & multi rotation skill level training; Class I Lifts – 1/2 and full rotation; Pair pivot Spiral |
Solo
and Pair Spins – One and combination positions with change of feet; Class II Lifts – full rotation; FO Death Spiral & pivot |
Footwork,
and step sequences that transition & connect musical highlights; Class III Lifts –full and Multi-rotation; FI Death Spiral & pivot |
Consistent
performance of all test elements at or above minimum to pass Class IV Lifts –full and Multi-rotation; BO Death Spiral & pivot |
Develop
stamina to complete all program elements securely Class V Lifts –full and Multi-rotation; BI Death Spiral & pivot |
Relieving
performance anxieties. Develop a high level of confidence |
| Physical Potential of Compulsory Dance Test
Performance |
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| Basic
edges, plus forward & backward progres-sives training |
Basic
turns: one foot and change of foot in forward and backward directions
on both left and right foot |
Step
sequences - training including combining body positions & changes
of feet |
Footwork,
and step sequences to the correct tempo and expressing the character of
the music |
Consistent
performance of all test elements at or above minimum to pass |
Develop
stamina to complete all program elements accurately and securely on
each pattern |
Relieving
performance anxieties. Develop a high level of confidence |
| Phase 3
- Training to train This phase is appropriate for boys aged 12 to 16 and girls aged 11 to 15. The main objective should be the overall development of the athlete's physical capacities (focus on aerobic conditioning) and fundamental movement skills. The key points of this phase are: •
Further develop speed and sport specific skills
• Develop the aerobic base - after the on-set of PHV • Learn correct weight lifting techniques • Develop knowledge of how and when to stretch, how to optimize nutrition and hydration, mental preparation, how and when to taper and peak • Establish pre-competition, competition and post competition routines • The strength training window for boys begins 12 to 18 months after PHV • There are two windows of opportunity to strength training for girls
ligaments and muscles • A 60% training to 40% competition ratio (includes competition and competition specific training) is recommended Training to Achieve A Skater's Full Potential: High Performance Phase
An effective training schedule consists of a series of workouts spent in preparation leading up to the actual week of the competition, and a period of recovery following the competition. This same cycle continues through-out the entire training season start from the beginning and concluding with final competition of the year. The pre-competition practice schedule requires adding and improving existing technical abilities. Much of the creative preparation occurs during this period as new music is selected, the short and long free skating programs choreographed, costumes are designed, created, and evaluated for practicality, and new equipment ordered (boots and blades) and broken in. Training - High Performance Focus Points:
The Junior, Senior, and International level skaters may find themselves participating in World Exhibition Tours that delay their rest by six to eight weeks or longer. These post competition demands on the time and energy not only delay a needed rest period, but also may shorten an elite athlete's training schedule to prepare for the next competitive season.
This phase is appropriate for boys aged 16 to 24 and girls aged 14 to 18. The main objective should be to optimize fitness preparation, sport/event specific skills and performance. The key points of this phase are: •
50% of available time is devoted to the development of technical and
tactical skills and fitness
improvements • 50% of available time is devoted to competition and competition specific training • Athletes train to peak for major competitions • Learn to perform these sport specific skills under a variety of competitive conditions during training • Special emphasis is placed on optimum preparation by modeling training and competition • Fitness programs, recovery programs, psychological preparation and technical development are now individually tailored to the athlete's needs • Double and multiple periodization is the optimal framework of preparation • Training to competition ratio in this phase is 25:75, with the competition percentage including competition specific training activities Phase 5 - Training to Earn Gold Test Medals This phase is appropriate for boys aged 16> and girls aged 15>. The main objective should be to maximize fitness preparation and sport/event specific skills as well as performance. NOTE:
Skaters who have not been able to place high enough in the US
National Championships to be named to skate in international junior
competitions are behind in the development curve. Concentration on
passing tests in multiple disciplines (singles, pairs, dance, Synchro,
and Theater-On-Ice) would make them more desirable if they decide to
earn money coaching to defray college expenses.
The key points of this phase are: •
All of the athlete's physical, technical, tactical, mental, personal
and lifestyle capacities are now
fully established and the focus of training has shifted to the maximization of performance • Training is characterized by high intensity and relatively high volume with appropriate breaks to prevent over training Phase 6 - Retirement & Retainment This phase is appropriate for boys and girls who are graduating from high and enrolling full-time in college. The main objective should be to retain athletes for coaching, officiating, sport administration etc. |
| Recommended Reading: PDF
Long Term Athlete
Development
References:Sports scientists have reported that there are critical periods in the life of a young person in which the effects of training can be maximised. They have also concluded that it can take anything from eight to twelve years of training for a talented athlete to achieve elite status. Research has shown that that chronological age is not a good indicator on which to base athletic development models for athletes between the ages of 10 to 16 as within this age group there is a wide variation in the physical, cognitive and emotional development. PDF Motoric dominance and sporting excellence: Training versus heredity: .... Personality types of NCAA and NAIA male and female administrators: A descriptive study. ... Perceptions of the importance of training, experience, and athletic ..... Choreography Styles in Figure Skating: Journal of Creative Behavior Vol ... Technique & its Training - Seirul-lo - Sport Training In some sports (gymnastics, figure skating, etc) the athlete's performance ... we can fix its relative importance and plan in sequence the learning goals during .... A) At this stage the training of motor participation must de-velop all ... Learn The 15 Laws of Training Whereas skater B shows the steepest improvement in performance with increasing ... If the athlete doubled her training to point B on that figure, she could expect her ... However, the importance is that the method of Foster et al Intensive
Training & Sports Specialization in Young Athletes
Feb 1, 2010... and requirements relative to body size are higher in growing ... Progression of Tanner stages of pu-bertal development has not ... in mind 1) the importance of assuring safe and healthy sports ... Ryan J. Little Girls in Pretty Boxes: The Making and Breaking of Elite Gymnasts and Figure Skaters. ... Variables of Training In training we can calculate two types of volume. Relative volume refers to the ..... defines the performance (figure skating, diving, synchronized swimming), ... The importance of the aerobic energy system PDF Technical note Right hand advantage in visually guided reaching & aiming movements GROUIOS, G., 2004a, Motoric dominance and sporting excellence: Training versus heredity. Perceptual and Motor. Skills, 98, 53–66. Heredity and Health-Related Fitness The importance of heredity as a factor affecting the development of the health- related intensity in each program. Your Attitude Reflects Your Personality Aug 2, 2007. The Importance of Having a Positive Attitude · Can Your Attitude Effect Your Life? A Positive Attitude Can Lead to Success and a Longer Life Doug Maccurdy. Talent Identification around the world In the beginning stages (say 7-10 years old) a child should have an ... identify talent if the training and competitive structures. Talent
identification and development in soccer
PPT Personality Psychology Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that is organized and relatively enduring and that influences his or ... …like no others Individual Uniqueness Level. 3 Levels of Personality Analysis ... Stages of Learning Sport Skills The stages of learning are phases that athletes experience as they progress through skills. Coaching instructions and training activities can be designed. Stages of Youth Athletic Development Oct 16, 2005 ... An Informed Approach to Sports Training. In the United States, youth sports ... In England, sports administrators developed three stages of Youth Athletic Development. Athletic Insight - Impact of a Brief Workshop on Stages of change Stages of change as an outcome measure in the evaluation of mental skills training programs. The Sport Psy-chologist, 13, 107-116. Growth & Development: Coaching Through the Phases of Growth Oct 13, 2004. This article reviews coaching guidelines for the three stages of ... Some training in different sports will help develop coordination. PDF Strength Training for Female Athletes There may be psychological and /or physiological considerations Chapter 7: Age- and Sex-Related Differences and Their ... Body Size and Composition; Strength and Power Output. Resistance Training for Female Athletes. Trainability of Women; Program Design Considerations for women. An Outline of LTAD The first 4 stages, with their respective approximate age ranges, are generally appropriate for all late-specialization sports. Overuse Injuries, Overtraining, and Burnout in Children Jun 1, 2007 ... Overuse injuries can be classified into 4 stages: (1) pain in the ..... Intensive training and sports specialization in young athletes Sports - stages, average, Definition, Description The National Athletic Training Association encourages parents to ask ... " Developmental Stages of Sports Readiness Can't Be Rushed Training: Quantification in Competitive Sports For most sports, training probably has a greater effect on performance than raw talent. Training is an exercise in simplification, which occurs at several stages. Intensive Training and Sports Specialization in Young Athletes Feb 1, 2010. Progression of Tanner stages of pubertal development has not been ... keeping in mind 1) the im-portance of assuring safe and healthy sports play: The Making and Breaking of Elite Gymnasts and Figure Skaters. Relationship Dynamics and Dimensions of Support Sport in terms of performance, training, economic and familial pressures ( Kestnbaum, 2003). ... research con-cerned with figure skating Multilateral development versus specialization Figure 2.1 illustrates a conceptual model for a long-term sequential approach to training. ... On the contrary, training specificity is present in all stages of a training ... cross-country skiing, running, skating, swimming, and cycling. Multilateral Sport Training Programs for Young and Mature From childhood to adulthood it is of paramount impor-tance to train the following ... athlete stages in a con-structive, periodized and individualized way. ... 17 years of age (except for two female sports: gymnastics and figure skating). The Effect of an Imagery Training Program on Imagery Ability Imagery training and verbalization training on figure skating performance. Strength & conditioning for figure skating - Lippincott Skaters have neglected strength and conditioning, and now we know it is of vital importance adjusted for weight and interval training routines that meets the require-ments of figure skating. Sports Psychology & Mental Toughness Skills Training To learn more about how to boost sports performance via mental training, ... an injury or in the recovery stage of injury and needs to work through issues such as ... auto racing, motocross, running, shooting, gymnastics, skating, soccer, ... Coaches also learn the most impor-tance mental strategies. Sport Performance - training, exercise, strength, muscle - ... These aspects of sport performance are also influenced by heredity and body ... In certain disciplines, such as skiing or figure skating, when there are ... PDF Effect of Training on Postural Control in Figure Skating 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...... Strength and conditioning program for figure skating. NSCA J. 1988;10:26–30. 17. Lipetz J, Kruse RJ. Group Class Lesson Management Resources: The following internet
links have been
gleaned from personal communications
combined with information from public institutions and athletic organizations/ associations that have a web presence with information concerning team and individual sports programs: All
materials are copy protected.
The limited use of the materials for education purposes is allowed providing credit is given for the source of the materials.
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